Justin+Ponte

History of Sneakers: A Fashion Icon toc =Abstract= =Annotated Bibliography=

file:///Users/HsMacBook-16/Downloads/retrieve.do2.htm Sneakers: A Complete Collector's Guide This illustrated guide displays over 180 sneakers chosen for the impact they have made on sneaker culture worldwide. The book examines brands from adidas to vans- are discusses each label in detail with full histories. The shoes span "well-loved or long-lost classics to new desings," appealing to the interests of the wide range of sneaker enthusiasts. The book contributes to my research by giving me resources and websites. Eleven leading brands from Addidas to Vans - are discussed in detail with full histories, while a further selection of shoes - from well loved or long lost classics to new designs. Also practical tips on how to build care for your collection.
 * Unorthodox Styles. __SNEAKERS The Complete Collectors' Guide. Thames & Hudson, London: 2005__**

The Sneaker Book is an entertaining, informative look at this fascinating, $11-billion-a-year industy.How (and by whom) are sneakers made? Who are the companies behind the logos? Why is nike heralded by econmists and lampooned by Doonesbury. Sneakers have gone seemingly overnight- from being childhood summer staples to serious athletic instruments to full-fledged lifestyle accoutrements, but the transition is hazy. Just when and why did America (and the world) go sneaker crazy?
 * The Sneaker Book: Anatomy of an Industry and an Icon**

=Journal= March 16 we went to the library to go on sails net. org March 17 we started the cap stone on the mobile lab March 21 worked on the annotated bibliography March 22 Added to the annotated bibliography and abstract March 23 I started the time line March 25 finished the annotated bibliography March 26 I started reading my book from the library March 27 I add more to my time line. March 30 I started to put a outline together April 4 Started the research paper April 6 I added more information to my paper. April 7: I started my slide show. April 8: Got information for my timeline. April 9: I decided that I need to spend more time reading my book. April 10: My paper is almost finished. April 11: I decided to take a break on working on the capstone April 15: the books i have, have helped me a lot with writing my paper. April 16: cant wait for this school year to be over April 18: my paper is about to be complete just a few more adjustments and it will be all set May 4 finished my Sneaker time line = = =**Outline**= I. Origins A. The Inital Emergence of the Sneaker B. Etymology of the Word C. Patenting the Process

II. Practical Uses A. Rubber B. Health and Athletics

III. Manufacturing A. Indian Roots B. Infiltration in American Markets C. Widespread Acceptance

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= Teacher Feedback = Justin, Nice job thus far. You have done most of this independently; I appreciate your hard work. See some of the questions I posted above. You will need answers to these questions in order to bring your annotation full circle. Can you use the online reference library to gain access to one more reference? You need a total of four annotations to complete the requirements for the rubric.

Justin, Now that you have a more comprehensive draft of your report, you should be able to go back and add to your outline. Be sure the two align. I added the time line to your table of contents. It seems as though you plan to track significant events. You may want to incorporate this time line into your research report as a figure. Should we add any other images? Would it help for the reader to see an image of "Chuck Taylor's?

Check your paper for accuracy. You claim the sneaker originated in 19th century England but mention that Henry VIII wore a form of a sneaker. Do you mean to say it started to gain popularity in the nineteenth century?

= The Research Paper = 1- Interesting fact: They got the nickname sneakers because they were so quiet, a person wearing them could sneak up on someone. 2- Source of information- (Try to find the author of the website) http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0932723.html

The history of Sneakers

The sneakers long march starts in nineteenth century England. Know as "snad shoes" or "plimsolls" (because the line on the shoe's foxing resembled the mark on a ship named after British parliamentarian Samuel Plimsoll-indicating proper cargo weight), the shoes were a favorite for arstocratic lawn sports. Centuries earlier, accounts document Henry VIII wearing "shooys with feltys, to play in at Tennys" in 1517 and inhabitants of the amazon donning gum-soled shoes crafted from the local supply ("gum shoes,"as they were called, were later imported to the U.S), but it was the American inventor Charles Goodyear's patented vulcanization process in 1839-and his subsequent refinements-that made the modern sneaker possible. In Female Life in Prison published in England in 1862, we learn that "the night officer is generally accustomed to wear a species of India rubber shoes or galoshes on her feet. theses are termed 'sneaks' by the women [of Brixton prison]. In 1870, american etymologist James Greenwood's In Strange Company describes "sneaks" as "shoes with canvas tops and india rubber soles." The word is generally associated with cat burglars or "sneak thieves." By 1897, tennis shoes were listed in the Sears catalog at $0.60 a pair.By the early 1900s, the sneaker industry was a viable if small concern, concentrated in a number of northeastern rubber companies whose specialty was bicycle tires (soon to be auto-mobile tires).U.S. Rubber, formed from nine smaller rubber- products firms in 1892, introduced Keds in 1916,while Converse, a rubber footwear manufacturer founded in Malden, Massachusetts in 1908 by Marquis M. Converses, produced the first "All-Star" in 1917. A number of other companies, including B.F. Goodrich and A.G. Spalding Co., were also making sneakers, including basketball and tennis shoes, while family-run companies such as Brooks and Etonic (named after Charles Eaton) were manufacturing early versions of cleated sports shoes.Sneakers were already a global business: the rubber that went into them came largely from Brazil, and then Indonesia, as companies such as Goodyear bought plantations there to undercut the Brazilian cartels.The sneaker market, at first so small as to warrant virtually no mention in the national press, expanded quickly after World War 1 as more Americans turned to sports and physical health. The upper classes, once suspicious of mass sport, sought to channel its energy, and moralists and reformers touted the "strenuous life" as the fiber of the national character and sport a demonstration of the country's burgeoning imperial greatness. As it would be later in the century, the public's enchantment with sports was firmly grounded in consumer culture.The sneaker market grew steadily, if quietly, through the next few decades. In the U.S., young boys were the prime purchasers of B.F. Goodrich's line of "Chief Long Lance" sports shoes endorsed by Jim Thorpe; and the Converse All-Star, which in 1923 became the signature shoe of Charles "Chuck" Taylor, a semi-pro basketball player and company salesman who toured the country, putting on clinics and selling shoes.In the 1920s and 1930s, company, added traction to soles, advertised different shoes for different sports, and produced distinct models for boys and girls. The shoes were known for their comfort, but there was relatively little else to it, save for the occasional fashion concern: White wrote in 1942 that the "question of what to wear is always baffling. From Harper's Bazaar, which is my bible, I learn that the Boston group in New Haven frown on new garments in their summer colony, and that a man in a new pair of sneakers is snubbed." A half-century later, White would more likely have fretted over sneakers that were too old. At the beginning of the twentieth century, several pioneering companies were advancing in Europe as well, fueled by a rising interest in athletics, particularly the revived Olympic Games, which seemed to grow in popularity as political tensions across Europe heightened in the 1930s. In England, starting in 1900, Joseph Foster produced Reebok shoes (worn by the runners depicted in the hit 1983 film Chariots of Fire). In Herzogenaurach, Germany, a young entrepreneur named Adolf Dassler began making shoes bearing his surname from World War 1 scrap and surplus; in 1928, his shoes debuted at the Olympic Games in Amsterdam, and in 1936 a Dassler-clad Jesse Owens captured four gold medals and stood defiantly before Hitler. After a wartime interruption in which shoe factories across the world converted to military production (for example, Converse produced the U.S. Air Force's A6 Flying boots), sneakers began a renewed,slow ascendance, aided by a postwar rise in the popularity of basketball. In Germany, 1948, Rudi Dassler (who spent time after the war in POW camp) formed the Puma company after feud with brother Adolf, whose Adidas brand was to emerge as the dominant force in athletics, the shoe of choice of soccer players and Olympians, and eventually, basketball players.In Kobe, Japan, in the 1950s, Kihachiro Onitsuka began making basketball shoes in his living room- the beginning of an enterprise that would ultimately become ASICS Tiger. Meanwhile, Bata, which was founded in Czechoslovakia but was later headquartered in Canada, had emerged as the world's largest shoe exporter, and sneakers numbered high among its products in markets such as Malaysia. In the 1950s, the American sneaker market saw the first of several "takeoffs". With families flocking to the suburbs, leisure time and sports participation on an upward slope, and the Baby Boom beginning to coalesce, sneakers-the word still meant canvas and rubber- were becoming the shoe of choice for American youth. As school dress codes began to relax, the sneaker also became acceptable for daily wear, although, as he points out, "You would have had two pairs: one for school and one for gym class." With James Dean sporting Jack Purcells and the Jets and Sharks of West Side Story clad in sneakers-more foreshadowing, this time of L.A.'s blood and Crips buying particular brands and colors in the 1980s and 90s-sneakers, like blue jeans and rock and roll, were hallmarks of youth hip. In 1962, The New Yorker was moved to inform its readers about a "revolution that seems to be taking place in footgear." Sales of the "once lowly sneaker," the magazine noted, had more than doubled in the past six years. Sales had soared from 35 million a decade previous to 130 million the year before, to over 150 million pairs by May 1962- a big splash in a domestic shoe market that had held steady at 600 million pairs annually since 1957.Leather shoe manufacturers responded with campaigns claiming that sneakers were bad for children's feet (a warning that haunted a generation), "and targeted teens with print ads that advised,"A Leather shoe Brings Out the Real You." Undaunted, the sneaker manufacturers fought back with equally puffy claims that sneakers helped cure the syndrome of "inhibited feet," which one magazine wryly described as a "psychosomatic ailment, hitherto unknow to us, that is supposed to lead to mental depression." Companies even began making sneakers endowed with pseudoscientific enhancements, such as the P.F. ("Posture Foundation") Flyer. Television ads for such sneakers as U.S. Rubber's "U.S. Keds" highlighted the "Shock-proof arch cushion," while a puckish animated clown named "Kedso" asked children why they wore Keds ("So I can run faster and jump farther" was a typical response). The sneaker was on the way to becoming an icon. "They're socially acceptable now," a U.S. Rubber official told Newsweek that same week. "They're like hot dogs-part of America.' yet even if they were viewed as quintessentially American, there were hints on the horizon that they would not always be of American origin. By 1961, long before anyone had heard of a Toyota, the U.S. was importing 28 million pairs of sneakers from Japan. "The Japanese haven' provided anything but cheap merchandise," an executive from B.F. Goodrich, makers of P.F. Flyers, told Newsweek. It was a harbinger of things to come for the sneaker and American manufacturing in general.Goodrich rode the sneaker boom well, and its P.F. Flyer commanded 18.7 % of the market in 1964. As the foreign competition increased, Goodrich pursued a soon to be familiar path. It moved its footwear operations from Massachusetts to lower-wage Puerto Rico and Lumberton, south Carolina-where it "beat back" an attempt by the United Rubber Workers union to organize. A tariff protecting U.S. made rubber-soled footwear was overturned in 1966, and Goodrich's shoe division limped along by the same holding company that had purchased Converse a year before. The intensifying youth culture of the postwar boom demanded new styles at an ever increasing rate, shepherded along by a global economic system that saw planned obsolescence and changes in fashion as a way to keep consumption in step with increased productivity and technological innovation on the production side. The technology of sports shoes themselves was rapidly changing (the metal molds for sale, for example, were changing yearly, and new processes such as compression molding replaced the long-standing method of vulcanization). it was all too much for a standard, Fordist industrial operation like Goodrich, with its high fixed costs and long prodution runs. The rise of global media helped speed the flow of styles, while television revenues helped turn sports into big business. in 1973, according to Donald Katz's //Just Do It,// Nike, which now pays over $70 million combined that consisted of sending an emloyee "to hang around the gyms at UCLA and USC to try and give away a few pairs of shoes."